Catia Video Tutorials

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CarouSlide - carousel slideshow plugin for jQuery.

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Example 1

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  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum pretium lectus et est. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
  

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  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum pretium lectus et est. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vestibulum cursus, purus in iaculis euismod, nisi urna gravida ligula, sit amet pulvinar ipsum ipsum ac odio. Curabitur a turpis vel dolor porttitor varius. Nullam ut purus.
  

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  Dui diam rhoncus arcu, at cursus sem lectus sit amet sem. Vestibulum iaculis, nisi in hendrerit vulputate, tortor ligula gravida lectus, non fermentum risus dolor vel dui. Aenean sed ligula nec libero facilisis consequat. Curabitur sit amet libero. In non nunc vel ligula scelerisque tincidunt. Donec id lectus. Nunc sodales. Fusce leo pede, congue vel, feugiat sed, porta porttitor, nisl.
  

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CarouSlide - carousel slideshow plugin for jQuery.

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Example 1

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  • adsff
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  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum pretium lectus et est. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
  

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  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum pretium lectus et est. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vestibulum cursus, purus in iaculis euismod, nisi urna gravida ligula, sit amet pulvinar ipsum ipsum ac odio. Curabitur a turpis vel dolor porttitor varius. Nullam ut purus.
  

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  Dui diam rhoncus arcu, at cursus sem lectus sit amet sem. Vestibulum iaculis, nisi in hendrerit vulputate, tortor ligula gravida lectus, non fermentum risus dolor vel dui. Aenean sed ligula nec libero facilisis consequat. Curabitur sit amet libero. In non nunc vel ligula scelerisque tincidunt. Donec id lectus. Nunc sodales. Fusce leo pede, congue vel, feugiat sed, porta porttitor, nisl.
  

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  Etiam mauris lectus, condimentum ac, consectetur in, euismod tincidunt, magna. Fusce massa. Nullam ultricies, dui a commodo vulputate, est orci porttitor nulla, sit amet dapibus lacus nulla eu erat. Sed imperdiet, lacus sit amet hendrerit posuere, dui diam rhoncus arcu, at cursus sem lectus sit amet sem. Vestibulum iaculis, nisi in hendrerit vulputate, tortor ligula gravida lectus, non fermentum risus dolor vel dui. Aenean sed ligula nec libero facilisis consequat. Curabitur sit amet libero. In non nunc vel ligula scelerisque tincidunt. Donec id lectus. Nunc sodales. Fusce leo pede, congue vel, feugiat sed, porta porttitor, nisl.
  

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  Nunc sodales. Fusce leo pede, congue vel, feugiat sed, porta porttitor, nisl.
  

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Self Driving Car Technology | Autonomous Car | Car Of The Future

An autonomous vehicle is fundamentally defined as a passenger vehicle that drives by itself. An autonomous vehicle is also referred to as an autopilot, driverless car, auto-drive car, or automated guided vehicle.

In the future, automated systems will help to avoid accidents and reduce congestion. The future vehicles will be capable of determining the best route and warn each other about the conditions ahead.

 

Google has been working on it’s self driving car technology, where the user is required to enter an address in Google maps, after which the system gathers information from Google Street View and combines it with artificial intelligence software. The software includes information from video cameras in car, a LIDAR sensor on top of vehicle, radar sensors in front and a position sensor attached to one of the rear wheels that helps locate the car’s position on map. These sensors aid the car in maintaining distance with surrounding vehicles/objects.

The control mechanism of an autonomous car consists of three main blocks as shown below:

1. Sensors

-laser sensors
-cameras
-radars
-ultrasonic sensors
-GPS, etc.

2. Logic Processing units

-Software
-Decision making
-Checking functionality
-User interface

3. Mechanical control systems

-Consists of servo motors and relays
-Driving wheel control
-Brake control
-Throttle control, etc.

Artificial Intelligence Software:

Artificial intelligence is the making of intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. This system exhibits human intelligence and behaviour include robots, expert systems, voice recognition, natural language processing, face recognition, handwriting recognition, game intelligence, artificial creativity and more. By this technology both google map and google street view are interrelated.

Google Map:

Google Maps is a Google service offering powerful, user-friendly mapping technology
and local business information-including business locations, contact information, and
driving directions.

Google Street View:

Google Street View (GSV) has rapidly expanded to provide street-level images of entire cities all around the world. The number and density of geo-positioned images available make this service truly unprecedented. A Street View user can wander through city streets, enabling a wide range of uses such as scouting a neighbourhood, or finding specific items such as bike racks or mail boxes.

LIDAR Sensor:

Light Detection And Ranging is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser. LIDAR uses ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared light to image objects and can be used with a wide range of targets, including non-metallic objects, rocks, rain, chemical compounds, aerosols, clouds and even single molecules. A narrow laser beam can be used to map physical features with very high resolution.

Position Sensor:

This device provides the latitude, longitude and altitude together with the corresponding standard deviation and the standard NMEA messages with a frequency of 5 Hz. When geostationary satellites providing the GPS drift correction are visible from the car, the unit enters the differential GPS mode (high precision GPS). When no correction signal is available, the device outputs standard precision GPS.

Radar Sensor:

Radar (Radio Detection And Ranging) is an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave’s energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.

LED Light Bulbs | Bonded Fin Heat Sink | Production By Liquid Metal Forging

LEDs won’t burn your hand like some light sources, but they do produce heat. All light sources convert electric power into radiant energy and heat in various proportions. LEDs generate little or no IR or UV, but convert only 20%-30% of the power into visible light; the remainder (70%) is converted to heat that must be conducted from the LED die to the underlying circuit board and heat sinks, housings, or luminaire frame elements.

Term: Heat Sink:

Thermally conductive material attached to the printed circuit board on which the LED is mounted. Myriad heat sink designs are possible; often a “finned” design is used to increase the surface area available for heat transfer. For general illumination applications, heat sinks are often incorporated into the functional and aesthetic design of the luminaire, effectively using the luminaire chassis as a heat management device.

Why does thermal management matter?

Excess heat directly affects both short-term and long-term LED performance. The short term (reversible) effects are color shift and reduced light output while the long-term effect
is accelerated lumen depreciation and thus shortened useful life. If heat is allowed to build, it can damage parts causing them to dim and lose efficiency.

Manufacturing Methods:

In liquid metal forging , sometimes called squeeze casting process, molten metal is poured directly into the bottom die. Then the top die is forced down to forge the part as that in a conventional forging operation.

The metal solidifies rapidly under considerable pressure in the range of 27.5 to 82.6 MPa depending on the work metal. With optimized process parameters, liquid metal forging parts have no internal porosity and a fine cast structure.

Previous Heat Sink Manufacturing Methods:

1. Extrusion

2. Machining

3. Stampings

4. Castings

Types of LED Heat Sink produced:

Plated Fin

Pin Fin

Radial Fin

Speciality Heat Sink

Benefits of Liquid forged Heat sinks: 

1. Improved thermal performance

Rapid heat transfer delivers more lumens/ watt and enhances the LED lifespan.

• Aluminium wrought alloys conduct heat faster than cast alloys used in die casting.  Also by incorporating a copper base, the heat sink achieves 4 times better thermal conductivity.
• Intricate fins and pins deliver a higher aspect ratio, increasing the surface area for ambient heat transfer. With no centre core, heat removal by convection is also improved.
• Porous-free microstructure eliminates air pockets for rapid, continuous heat transfer through the heat sink to the surroundings.

2. Flexible Design

The key to an effective LED heat sink design is to be able to balance both maximisation of heat sink surface area and form factor constraint of light fixtures. Each custom LED lighting design involves the concept of efficiently transferring as much heat as possible away from the LED chip. With a high aspect ratio and the ability to create 3D designs as a single piece, liquid forging is a highly scalable manufacturing process, allowing the creation of intricate heat sinks made of composite materials such as copper and aluminium in a single step.  The fins of the heat sink can be combined with a copper base to create a radial heat sink with improved design and better thermal conductivity.  The process allows heat sinks and light fixtures to be formed as a single piece, minimising assembly costs, and improving thermal efficiency.

3. Enhanced finishing

The heat sink can be anodised for a better finishing, which further improves thermal performance by an additional 10 – 15%.

Features of LED heat sink by Liquid metal Forging:

1. High aspect ratio

2. Enhanced Heat Dissipation

3. Flexible Design

4. One step manufacturing with light fixture

5. Minimum Porosity

6. Anodised Finishing

7. Enhanced Aluminium alloy conductivity

Advantages:

(i) Elimination of micro porosity (shrinkage and porosity), due to the effect of solidification under pressure.

(ii) Improvement in product surface finishing due to high direct pressure into mould surface.

(iii) Production using Aluminium series materials

(iv) Multi cavity possible

(v) Near net shape process

(vi) High aspect ratio features

Limitations:

(i)  Variation in z‐axis thickness control

(ii) Mechanical structure (elongation)

Nano-Nuclear Batteries | Beta-Voltaic Power | Tritium Based Energy

Long-lived power supplies for remote and even hostile environmental conditions are needed for space and sea missions. Nuclear batteries can uniquely serve this role. In spite of relatively low power, the nuclear battery with packaging can have an energy density near a thousand watt-hours per kilogram, which is much greater than the best chemical battery. It would reason that small devices would need small batteries to power them.

The world of tomorrow that science fiction dreams of and technology manifests might be a very small one. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen that typically is produced in nuclear reactors or high energy accelerators. It decays at a rate of about five percent per year (half of it decays in about 12 years). It gives off radiation in the form of a beta particle. Tritium will bind anywhere hydrogen does, including in water, and in plant, animal and human tissue. It cannot be removed from the environment once it is released. Tritium can be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through skin.

Moreover, radioactive isotopes are available on the market for reasonable prices ($1000) and low power electronics are becoming increasingly more versatile. Therefore, nuclear batteries are commercially relevant today.

Symbol: H (H-3)
Atomic Number: 1(Protons in Nucleus)
Atomic Weight: 1(naturally occurring H)

What is Tritium?

Tritium is the only radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of a tritium atom consists of a proton and two neutrons. This contrasts with the nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom (which consists solely of a proton) and a deuterium atom (which consists of one proton and one neutron). Ordinary hydrogen comprises over 99.9% of all naturally occurring hydrogen. Deuterium comprises about 0.02%, and tritium comprises about a billionth of a billionth (10-16 percent) of natural hydrogen.

What is Isotope?

An isotope is a different form of an element that has the same number of protons in the nucleus but a different number of neutrons.

Alpha radiation:

Alpha particles are Helium nuclei (2 protons and 2 neutrons) .  These particles are relatively heavy and have poor penetrating power being over 90% blocked by a sheet of paper.

Beta Radiation:

Beta radiation (high speed electrons or photons) can penetrate paper.

Gamma Radiation:

Gamma radiation which can penetrate Aluminium.

How to produce a Tritium?

Tritium can be made in production nuclear reactors, i.e., reactors designed to optimize the generation of tritium and special nuclear materials such as plutonium-239. Tritium is produced by neutron absorption of a lithium-6 atom. The lithium-6 atom, with three protons and three neutrons, and the absorbed neutron combine to form a lithium-7 atom with three protons and four neutrons, which instantaneously splits to form an atom of tritium (one proton and two neutrons) and an atom of helium-4 (two protons and two neutrons).

Direct Radio Isotope Converts: 
Radioisotope power conversion, in which the energy from the decay of radioisotopes is used as a power source, allows powering of applications which are unsuited to power sources such as photovoltaics or generators or to batteries. These applications are typically remote, not accessible to any external energy source (including sunlight), and often must last between 5 to 50 years. They include not only space, but also small power sources for biomedical uses. Radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) are often used to convert the energy from the radioisotope by, converting it to heat, and then converting the heat to electricity via either a thermoelectric device, or thermophotovoltaics (TPV). Alternately, the radioisotope may be directly converted into electricity via betavoltaics, in which the energy from a beta particle creates electron holes pairs which are collected and used to generate power similar to a solar cell.